The first breakthrough in photography was in the area of making permanent images. In 1727 Johann Schulze discovered that silver nitrate darkened upon exposure to light. Thomas Wedgwood and Sir Humphry Davy created what we now call photograms.French physicist Joseph Nicéphore Niepce made the first negative in 1816 and the first known photograph in 1826. In 1827 Niepce started his association with Louis Daguerre. In 1839 he announced the invention of a method for making a direct positive image on a silver plate - the daguerreotype.
Read more about early photography in this great article from Neatorama.
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